Neonates with a prenatal diagnosis of hydrops fetalis: A 10-year experience in a tertiary care center.

INTRODUCTION: Hydrops fetalis (HF) is a rare condition with a high mortality. This study analysed the obstetric and perinatal outcomes of antenatally diagnosed HF according to its aetiology and the possibility of intrauterine treatment (IUT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We carried out a retrospective review of the health records of 164 pregnant women with a prenatal diagnosis of HF in a tertiary care centre between 2011-2021. We analysed prenatal interventions, clinical findings, aetiologies and obstetric and live-born infant outcomes. RESULTS: An invasive prenatal study had been performed in 79.3% cases. The most common aetiologies were genetic disorders (31%), TORCH and parvovirus B19 infections (9.7%) and structural heart diseases (9.1%). Intrauterine treatment was performed in 25.6%, and 74.4% of pregnancies were terminated. Pregnancies with a prenatal diagnosis of genetic or chromosomal disorders had higher rates of elective termination compared to other aetiologies (P < .01). Among all pregnancies, only 25.6% resulted in live births (LBs), most of them preterm. Perinatal and 1-year survival rates were higher in the group that received IUT (P < .001). Among the LBs, structural heart diseases had the worst survival rates, while the aetiology with the best outcomes was tachyarrhythmia. Survival at 1 year of life among those born alive was 70%, but 58.6% of these infants had significant morbidity at discharge. CONCLUSIONS: Despite advances in the management of FH, the poor obstetric prognosis, perinatal mortality and morbidity of survivors is still significant. These data are important for the purpose of counselling families when HF is diagnosed antenatally.

Impact of the implementation of a standardised interdisciplinary information transfer method in the delivery room and intermediate obstetric care unit.

AIM: This study aims to describe the implementation of the standard methodology for information transfer in the labour ward and Intermediate Obstetric Care Unit and to identify the impact of this implementation on the factors that act as facilitators and barriers in the procedure. METHOD: Quasi-experimental pretest-posttest study without a control group in an Intermediate Obstetric Care Unit and delivery room of the Maternal-Fetal Medicine Service of a tertiary hospital in Barcelona. Healthcare staff self-completed an ad hoc questionnaire before and after implementing the standardised IDEAS methodology in the service during 2019 and 2020. Personal self-perception in the information transfer procedure was assessed. The Wilcoxon pairwise test was used for comparison before and after. RESULTS: The use of a standardised methodology has shown an impact on improving the transmission of information. Significant differences were detected before and after the intervention in the following dimensions: location, people involved, time period of the procedure, structured, orderly and clear, and sufficient time for questions (p < 0.001); while no differences were observed in: transmission to the referring professional, well-defined actions, and completion of a summary. CONCLUSIONS: There are factors such as structural and organisational aspects and lack of time that hinder effective communication and therefore act as barriers to the transfer of information. The implementation of a methodology with the health professionals involved, the time and the appropriate space allows for the improvement of communication aspects in the multiprofessional team and, therefore, patient safety.

Characterization of cardiac arrhythmias and maternal-fetal outcomes in pregnant women: A prospective cohort study.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Cardiovascular disease is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in pregnant women. Arrhythmias are common complications during pregnancy; however, the data are limited. Our goal was to characterize the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and impact of cardiac arrhythmias on maternal-fetal outcomes. METHODS: A prospective cohort study from the Colombian Registry of Pregnancy and Cardiovascular Disease was carried out from 2016 to 2019. All patients with tachyarrhythmia or bradyarrhythmia and a minimum follow-up of six months after delivery were included. The primary outcome was a composite of cardiac events defined as pulmonary edema, symptomatic sustained arrhythmia requiring specific therapy, stroke, cardiac arrest, or maternal death. Secondary outcomes were other cardiac, neonatal, and obstetric events. RESULTS: Arrhythmias were the most common cause of referral to our dedicated cardio-obstetric clinic. A total of 92 patients were included, mean age 27±6 years; 8.7% had previous structural heart disease, and cardiology consultation was delayed in 79.4%. The most common arrhythmias were premature ventricular contractions (33%) and paroxysmal reentrant supraventricular tachycardias (15%); 11 patients (12%) had cardiac implantable electronic devices. Cardiac events occurred in 18.4% of patients, obstetric events occurred in 6.5%, and one caesarean was indicated in the context of symptomatic severe mitral stenosis. Adverse neonatal outcomes were observed in 24.3% of newborns. CONCLUSIONS: Arrhythmias were the most common cause of referral to a dedicated cardio-obstetric clinic; most had a benign course. Adverse maternal cardiovascular outcomes were significant and there was a high rate of obstetric and neonatal adverse events, underlining the importance of multidisciplinary care.

Entre a busca por assistência e sua efetivação: peregrinação de gestantes e puérperas com quadro de Near Miss Materno / Between the search for assistance and its realization: the peregrination of pregnant and postpartum women with Maternal Near Miss

Resumo Este estudo, de caráter misto e sequencial exploratório, objetivou identificar padrões relacionados a trajetória de mulheres gestantes e puérperas que evoluíram para situações de risco, desde sua chegada em um primeiro serviço de assistência até sua admissão em uma maternidade terciária. A fase quantitativa analisou 1.703 prontuários e registros de internação de mulheres assistidas em três maternidades terciárias da Região Metropolitana de Fortaleza, no Ceará, entre 2010 e 2019. Na fase qualitativa, realizada entre janeiro e setembro de 2020, participaram 14 mulheres sobreviventes ao Near Miss Materno (NMM), por meio da Entrevista Narrativa Autobiográfica de Schütze. Os achados desvelam como atrasos relacionados aos profissionais e ao sistema de saúde contribuíram para a peregrinação de gestantes e puérperas e, consequentemente, para os quadros de NMM. A peregrinação destas mulheres associa-se a problemas nas estruturas da rede de atenção e dos serviços de saúde. Assim, fazem-se necessários o uso de ferramentas de acompanhamento da qualidade do serviço prestado pelos profissionais de saúde, os processos assistenciais bem estabelecidos, as estruturas físicas e as Redes de Atenção à Saúde (RAS), que suportem o seguimento desses processos.

Abstract This mixed-method and sequential exploratory study aims to identify patterns related to the trajectory of pregnant and puerperal women who evolved to risk situations, from arrival in a first care service to admission to a tertiary maternity hospital. The quantitative phase analyzed 1,703 medical records and hospitalization records of women assisted in three tertiary maternity hospitals in the Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza, Ceará, from 2010 to 2019. The qualitative phase was conducted from January to September 2020 with 14 women survivors of Maternal Near Miss (MNM), using Schütze's Autobiographical Narrative Interview. The findings reveal how delays related to professionals and the health system contributed to the pilgrimage of pregnant and postpartum women and, consequently, to the MNM cases. The peregrination of these women is associated with problems in the structures of the Care Network and the services. Thus, it becomes necessary to use tools to monitor the quality of the service provided by health professionals and to provide well-established care processes, physical structures, and the healthcare networks that support the follow-up of these processes.

Estado ácido-base en obstetricia crítica y altitud / Acid-base status in critical care obstetrics at altitude

OBJETIVO: describir el estado ácido base en pacientes obstétricas críticamente enfermas a muy alta altitud, al momento de su ingreso a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: estudio descriptivo transversal. Se incluyen todas las pacientes obstétricas internadas en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Adultos del Hospital del Norte de la ciudad de El Alto, La Paz a 4150 metros sobre el nivel del mar, ingresadas en el periodo enero 2019-enero 2022. RESULTADOS: se ingresaron 79 pacientes, con media de edad de 29 años (desviación estándar 8.06 años), 52 casos (66%) por preeclampsia severa, 14 casos (18%) por hemorragia obstétrica, 8 casos (10%) por sepsis obstétrica y 5 (6%) por diagnósticos diversos como taquicardia supraventricular e intoxicaciones, existieron 8 pacientes fallecidas (10% de mortalidad) destacando la sepsis obstétrica con mayor fallecimiento y mayor tiempo de internación. CONCLUSIÓN: los cambios fisiológicos propios del embarazo, la convierten en una paciente de riesgo, identificando la diferencia de iones fuertes aparente y abreviada como posibles factores pronóstico en la paciente obstétrica en estado crítico. PALABRAS CLAVE: estado acido-base, obstetricia crítica, gran altitud

OBJECTIVE: to describe the acid base status in critically ill obstetric patients at very high altitude, at the time of admission to the Intensive Care Unit. METHODOLOGY: retrospective descriptive study. All obstetric patients admitted to the Adult Intensive Care Unit of the Hospital del Norte in the city of El Alto, La Paz at 4150 meters above sea level, in the period January 2019-January 2022, are included. RESULTS: 79 patients were admitted, with a mean age of 29 years (standard deviation 8.06 years), 52 cases (66%) due to severe preeclampsia, 14 cases (18%) due to obstetric hemorrhage, 8 cases (10%) due to obstetric sepsis. and 5 (6%) due to various diagnoses such as supraventricular tachycardia and poisoning, there were 8 deceased patients (10% mortality), highlighting obstetric sepsis with the highest death rate and longest hospital stay. DISCUSSION: the physiological changes during pregnancy make her a risk patient, identifying the apparent and abbreviated strong ion difference as possible prognostic factors in the critically ill obstetric patient

Evaluación de la dilatación cervical en simuladores comparada con una herramienta visual: estudio aleatorizado / Cervical dilation assessment in simulators compared to a visual tool: A randomized study / Avaliação da dilatação cervical em simuladores comparada a uma ferramenta visual: estudo randomizado

Objetivo: comprobar la tasa de evaluación correcta mediante la comparación visual directa de las medidas de dilatación cervical en modelos de cuello uterino de consistencia dura. Método: estudio aleatorizado abierto con 63 estudiantes de obstetricia a los que se les asignó usar o no la comparación visual directa con una guía de dilatación. Los estudiantes estimaron de forma ciega la dilatación cervical en simuladores con diferentes dilataciones. El resultado primario fue la tasa de evaluación correcta. Resultados: los estudiantes realizaron 441 pruebas. Se observó una mayor tasa de evaluación correcta en el grupo experimental que en el grupo control (47,3% versus 27,2%; p < 0,001; Odds Ratio = 2,41; intervalo de confianza del 95% = 1,62-3, 58). Conclusión: la comparación visual directa aumentó la precisión de la evaluación de la dilatación cervical en modelos de simulación de cuello, lo que podría ser beneficioso en el entrenamiento de laboratorio. Registro Brasileño de Ensayos Clínicos n.º U1111-1210-2389.

Objective: to verify the correct assessment rate when using direct visual comparison in the cervical dilation measures in hard-consistency cervix simulation models. Method: an open-label and randomized study conducted with 63 Obstetrics students that were designated either to use direct visual comparison in a dilation guide or not. The students estimated cervical dilation blindly in simulators with different dilations. The primary outcome was the correct assessment rate. Results: the students performed 141 tests. A higher correct assessment rate was found in the Experimental Group than in the Control Group (47.3% versus 27.2%; p<0.001; Odds Ratio = 2.41; 95% Confidence Interval = 1.62-3.58). Conclusion: the direct visual comparison increased precision of the cervical dilation assessment in cervix simulation models, with the possibility of being beneficial in laboratory training. Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials No. U1111-1210-2389.

Objetivo: verificar a taxa de avaliação correta com o uso da comparação visual direta nas medidas de dilatação cervical em modelos de simulação de colo com consistência dura. Método: estudo randomizado aberto com 63 estudantes de obstetrícia que foram designados para usar comparação visual direta em um guia de dilatação ou não. Os estudantes estimaram cegamente a dilatação cervical em simuladores com diferentes dilatações. O desfecho primário foi a taxa de avaliação correta. Resultados: os estudantes realizaram 441 testes. Foi encontrada maior taxa de avaliação correta no grupo experimental do que no grupo controle (47,3% versus 27,2%; p <0,001; Odds Ratio = 2,41; intervalo de confiança de 95% = 1,62-3,58). Conclusão: a comparação visual direta aumentou a precisão da avaliação da dilatação cervical em modelos de simulação de colo, podendo ser benéfica no treinamento em laboratório. Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos nº U1111-1210-2389.

Significado de la indexación de la Revista Peruana de Ginecología y Obstetricia a Scopus

La Revista Peruana de Ginecología y Obstetricia (RPGO) ha obtenido su inclusión en la importante base de datos Scopus. En una rápida recopilación de la publicación de la revista, se recuerda la dedicación editorial de sus seis editores, cuatro de los cuales acababan de presidir la Sociedad Peruana de Obstetricia y Ginecología (SPOG). Los momentos iniciales de trabajo editorial fueron realizados manualmente, en máquinas de escribir y visitando la imprenta continuamente, así como a los patrocinadores. El compromiso de los Comités Directivos de SPOG para financiar la publicación y distribución de los ejemplares permitió la gradual indexación a bases de datos locales, regionales e internacionales. Su internalización se amplió desde la publicación de la RPGO en el Open Journal Systems (OJS), sistema informático donde se publica los artículos con puntualidad, calidad, incluyendo sus características editoriales y la Información para los Autores. Ahora la publicación es solo virtual, en español e inglés, con visibilidad e impacto de los artículos desde el inicio de la RPGO en 1955. Con datos actualizados del OJS sobre la RPGO, el número de visitas mensuales a los resúmenes llegan hasta 10 mil y las descargas mensuales de artículos en formato PDF hasta más de 9 mil. Y, en el ámbito de revistas científicas de ginecoobstetricia de América Latina y España en Scopus, destaca el índice h de la RPGO por Google Scholar Metrics, como una de las mejores. Al presente, y frente a los desafíos futuros, la actividad de la RPGO ha sido fortalecida, estableciendo un equipo editorial y herramientas que permiten la ya iniciada profesionalización de los procesos de la actividad editorial.

The Peruvian Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics (RPGO, for its acronym in Spanish) has obtained its inclusion in the important Scopus database. A quick review of the journal's publication recalls the editorial dedication of its six editors, four of whom had just recently chaired the Peruvian Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology (SPOG, for its acronym in Spanish). The initial editorial work was carried out manually, on typewriters and continuously visiting the printing press, as well as the sponsors. The commitment of the SPOG Steering Committees to finance the publication and distribution of the issues allowed the gradual indexing to local, regional and international databases. Its internalization was expanded since the publication of the RPGO in the Open Journal Systems (OJS), a computer system where articles are published with punctuality, quality, including their editorial characteristics and the Information for Authors. Now the publication is only virtual, in English and Spanish, with visibility and impact of the articles since the beginning of the RPGO in 1955. With updated OJS data on the RPGO, the number of monthly visits to the abstracts reaches up to 10 thousand and monthly downloads of articles in PDF format reach more than 9 thousand. And, in the field of obstetrics and gynecology scientific journals in Latin America and Spain in Scopus, the h index of the RPGO by Google Scholar Metrics stands out as one of the best. At present, and facing future challenges, the activity of the RPGO has been strengthened, establishing an editorial team and tools that allow the already initiated professionalization of the processes of the editorial activity.

Estratégias de gestão em centro obstétrico diante da pandemia de COVID-19

Introdução: a pandemia de COVID-19 modificou as práticas em saúde, levando a repensar os cuidados em saúde no âmbito obstétrico. Objetivo: relatar uma experiência de enfermagem em gestão de centro obstétrico diante da pandemia de COVID-19. Método: trata-se de relato de experiência realizada em centro obstétrico referência para 55 municípios do Ceará, Brasil. Resultados: alterações nos fluxos de atendimento, na ambiência e nas práticas obstétricas foram efetuadas por meio de planejamento estratégico, organização da gestão e trabalho colaborativo. Considerações finais: as modificações nos modelos de atendimento à saúde de gestantes e puérperas, com adoção de novas práticas são ações necessárias para enfrentamento da pandemia de COVID-19 na área obstétrica.

Introducción: la pandemia de COVID-19 ha cambiado las prácticas de salud, lo que ha llevado a un replanteamiento de la atención médica en el campo obstétrico. Objetivo: reportar una experiencia de enfermería en el manejo de un centro obstétrico ante la pandemia de COVID-19. Método: este es un informe de experiencia realizado en un centro obstétrico que es una referencia para 55 municipios en Ceará, Brasil. Resultados: los cambios en los flujos de asistencia, el ambiente y las prácticas obstétricas se llevaron a cabo a través de la planificación estratégica, la organización de la gestión y el trabajo colaborativo. Consideraciones finales: las modificaciones en los modelos de atención médica para mujeres embarazadas y puerperales, con la adopción de nuevas prácticas son acciones necesarias para enfrentar la pandemia de COVID-19 en el área obstétrica.

Introduction: the COVID-19 pandemic has changed health practices, leading to rethinking health care in the obstetric context. Objective: to report a nursing experience in the management of an obstetric center in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: this is an experience report conducted in an obstetric center that is a reference for fifty-five municipalities in Ceará, Brazil. Results: changes in attendance flows, ambience and obstetric practices were carried out through strategic planning, management organization and collaborative work. Final considerations: the modifications in the models of health care for pregnant women and puerperal women, with the adoption of new practices are necessary actions to face the pandemic of COVID-19 in the obstetric area.

Gestión del cuidado en obstetricia y ginecología: Una mirada integral / Care management in obstetrics and gynecology: A comprehensive look

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir la gestión del cuidado en obstetricia y ginecología: Una mirada integral. Metodología: La investigación se desarrolló desde el paradigma cuantitativo, además se enmarcó desde un diseño documental-bibliográfico, mediante la indagación, recolección y análisis crítico documental y referencial bibliográfico, basándose en la exploración metódica, rigurosa y profunda de diversas fuentes documentales tales como investigaciones científicas, artículos y trabajos arbitrados, tesis, describiendo los hallazgos encontrados y permitiendo desarrollar el cuerpo teórico en relación al tema de estudio. Resultados: Se puede observar los múltiples factores que son considerados por las mujeres que acuden a los centros asistenciales, por ello deben ser orientadas de forma integral. En conclusión: La integración de los cuidados en obstetricia y ginecología, es una acción que contribuirá a un mejor desempeño y desarrollo de la mujer en estado de gestación, tanto de ella como del niño, en tal sentido de forma integral deben ser llevadas a cabo sus cuidados y consultas.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the management of care in obstetrics and gynecology: A comprehensive view. Methodology: The research was developed from the quantitative paradigm, also framed from a documentary-bibliographic design, through inquiry, collection and critical documentary analysis and bibliographic reference, based on the methodical, rigorous and deep exploration of various documentary sources such as scientific research, articles and refereed papers, theses, describing the findings found, allowing the development of the theoretical body in relation to the subject of study. Results: It is possible to observe the multiple factors that are considered by the women who come to the health care centers, for this reason they should be oriented in an integral way. In conclusion: The integration of care in obstetrics and gynecology is an action that will contribute to a better performance and development of the pregnant woman, both for her and the child, and her care and consultations should be carried out in an integral manner.

Manejo de Disminución de Movimientos Fetales en pacientes del Área de Urgencias Obstétricas / Management of Decreased Fetal Movements in patients in the Obstetric Emergency Area

Los movimientos fetales son uno de los primeros signos de vitalidad fetal. Durante la gestación, éstos van apareciendo progresivamente. La adecuada adquisición y mantenimiento de los mismos durante la gestación indica un correcto desarrollo neuromuscular, así como de bienestar fetal1. La percepción materna de una Disminución de los Movimientos Fetales (DMF) constituye un motivo de consulta frecuente en los Servicios de Urgencias Obstétricas; toda paciente embarazada debe vigilar los movimientos fetales, mediante un conteo subjetivo de los movimientos del feto, a partir de las 24 semanas de gestación. La DMF constituye el 5 ­ 15% de motivos de consulta en los servicios de Urgencias en el tercer trimestre del embarazo. Hasta un 25% de fetos que presentan una DMF presentarán alguna complicación perinatal (malformaciones, retraso de crecimiento, parto prematuro, hemorragia fetomaterna, y éxitus fetal) incluso en población de bajo riesgo. El manejo inadecuado de la DMF representa un 10-15% de las muertes evitables a término1-3. Es por esto que ninguna paciente que consulte por Disminución de Movimientos Fetales debe ser dada de alta sin asegurarse del adecuado bienestar fetal.

Fetal movements are one of the first signs of fetal vitality. During gestation, they appear progressively. Adequate acquisition and maintenance of fetal movements during gestation indicates correct neuromuscular development, as well as fetal well-being1. Maternal perception of decreased fetal movements (DMP) is a frequent reason for consultation in Obstetric Emergency Departments; every pregnant patient should monitor fetal movements by subjectively counting fetal movements, starting at 24 weeks of gestation. FMD constitutes 5-15% of the reasons for consultation in the emergency department in the third trimester of pregnancy. Up to 25% of fetuses with FMD will present some perinatal complication (malformations, growth retardation, premature delivery, fetomaternal hemorrhage, and fetal death) even in low-risk populations. Inadequate management of FMD accounts for 10-15% of preventable deaths at term1-3. This is why no patient who consults for decreased fetal movements should be discharged without ensuring adequate fetal well-being.

Clinical Simulation in the Training of Obstetrics and Gynecology Resident from the Perspective of Medical Residency Programs / A Simulação Clínica na Formação do Residente em Obstetrícia e Ginecologia na Perspectiva do Programa de Residência Médica

Abstract Objective This study analyzes the role of clinical simulation in internal medical residency programs (IMRP) in Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN), attributed by the supervisors, in the training of residents in the city of São Paulo (SP). Methods Cross-sectional descriptive, qualitative, and exploratory approach. Semi-structured interviews were performed with ten supervisors of Medical Residency programs in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Interviews were analyzed by means of content analysis under the thematic modality, starting with the core the role of clinical simulation in Obstetrics and Gynecology Medical Residency Programs. Results Supervisors view Clinical simulation as: a complementary tool for the teaching and learning process, a possibility of a safe teaching and learning environment, an opportunity to learn from mistakes, a support for professional practice committed to patient safety, a learning scenario for teamwork, a scenario for reflection on the work process in Obstetrics and Gynecology, a scenario for evaluative processes in the medical residency. Still according to supervisors, Clinical Simulation favors decision-making and encourages the resident participation in activities. Conclusion Supervisors recognize Clinical Simulation as a powerful pedagogical tool in the learning process of resident doctors in Obstetrics and Gynecology Residency Programs.

Resumo Objetivo O presente estudo analisa o papel da Simulação Clínica em programas de Residência Médica (PRM) de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia, atribuído pelos supervisores, na formação do residente no município de São Paulo (SP). Métodos Abordagem qualitativa, transversal, de natureza exploratória e descritiva. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com dez supervisores de programas de Residência Médica de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia. Para análise das entrevistas foi realizada análise de conteúdo na modalidade temática partindo do seguinte núcleo: o papel da simulação clínica nos Programas de Residência Médica de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia. Resultados A Simulação Clínica, na visão dos supervisores, emerge como: ferramenta complementar para o processo de ensino e aprendizagem; possibilidade de um ambiente de ensino e aprendizagem seguro; possibilidade de aprendizagem a partir do erro; suporte para prática profissional comprometida com a segurança do paciente; cenário de aprendizagem para o trabalho de equipe; cenário de reflexão sobre o processo de trabalho em Obstetrícia e Ginecologia; favorecimento na tomada de decisão; cenários de processos avaliativos na residência; e, por fim, estímulo à participação dos residentes nas atividades. Conclusão Os supervisores reconhecem a Simulação Clínica como uma ferramenta pedagógica potente no aprendizado dos médicos residentes em Obstetrícia e Ginecologia.

Brazilian Black Women are at Higher Risk for COVID-19 Complications: An Analysis of REBRACO, a National Cohort / Mulheres negras brasileiras correm maior risco de complicações da COVID-19: uma análise do REBRACO, uma coorte nacional

Abstract Objective To evaluate the impact of the race (Black versus non-Black) on maternal and perinatal outcomes of pregnant women with COVID-19 in Brazil. Methods This is a subanalysis of REBRACO, a Brazilian multicenter cohort study designed to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on pregnant women. From February2020 until February 2021, 15 maternity hospitals in Brazil collected data on women with respiratory symptoms. We selected all women with a positive test for COVID-19; then, we divided them into two groups: Black and non-Black women. Finally, we compared, between groups, sociodemographic, maternal, and perinatal outcomes. We obtained the frequency of events in each group and compared them using X2 test; p-values < 0.05 were considered significant. We also estimated the odds ratio (OR) and confidence intervals (CI). Results 729 symptomatic women were included in the study; of those, 285 were positive for COVID-19, 120 (42.1%) were Black, and 165 (57.9%) were non-Black. Black women had worse education (p = 0.037). The timing of access to the health system was similar between both groups, with 26.3% being included with seven or more days of symptoms. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (OR 2.22 CI 1.17-4.21), intensive care unit admission (OR 2.00 CI 1.07-3.74), and desaturation at admission (OR 3.72 CI 1.41-9.84) were more likely to occur among Black women. Maternal death was higher among Black women (7.8% vs. 2.6%, p = 0.048). Perinatal outcomes were similar between both groups. Conclusion Brazilian Black women were more likely to die due to the consequences of COVID-19.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar o impacto da raça (negra versus não negra) nos desfechos maternos e perinatais de gestantes com COVID-19 no Brasil. Métodos Esta é uma subanálise da REBRACO, um estudo de coorte multicêntrico brasileiro desenhado para avaliar o impacto da COVID-19 em mulheres grávidas. De fevereiro de 2020 a fevereiro de 2021, 15 maternidades do Brasil coletaram dados de mulheres com sintomas respiratórios. Selecionamos todas as mulheres com teste positivo para COVID-19; em seguida, as dividimos em dois grupos: mulheres negras e não negras. Finalmente, comparamos, entre os grupos, os resultados sociodemográficos, maternos e perinatais. Obtivemos a frequência dos eventos em cada grupo e comparamos usando o teste X2; Valores de p <0,05 foram considerados significativos. Também estimamos o odds ratio (OR) e os intervalos de confiança (IC). Resultados 729 mulheres sintomáticas foram incluídas no estudo; desses, 285 foram positivos para COVID-19, 120 (42,1%) eram negros e 165 (57,9%) não eram negros. As mulheres negras apresentaram pior escolaridade (p = 0,037). O tempo de acesso ao sistema de saúde foi semelhante entre os dois grupos, com 26,3% incluídos com sete ou mais dias de sintomas. Síndrome respiratória aguda grave (OR 2,22 CI 1,17-4,21), admissão em unidade de terapia intensiva (OR 2,00 CI 1,07-3,74) e dessaturação na admissão (OR 3,72 CI 1,41-9,84) foram mais prováveis de ocorrer entre mulheres negras. A mortalidade materna foi maior entre as negras (7,8% vs. 2,6%, p = 0,048). Os resultados perinatais foram semelhantes entre os dois grupos. Conclusão Mulheres negras brasileiras tiveram maior probabilidade de morrer devido às consequências da COVID-19.

Perception of health sciences and feminist medical students about obstetric violence.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the perception of obstetric violence among health sciences students. METHOD: Cross-sectional design in which the validated questionnaire PercOV-S (Perception of Student Obstetric Violence) was used. The questionnaire was offered to the students who participated in the I Congress of Feminist Medicine of the CEEM (State Councils of Medical Students) held on March 12, 2021. This questionnaire was sent online through Google Forms. RESULTS: The mean score obtained on the total scale was 3.83 scores (SD=0.61). For the dimension of protocolized-visible obstetric violence, the mean score is 2.79 points (SD=0.84) and for the dimension of non-protocolized-invisible obstetric violence, a mean of 4.16 points is obtained (SD=0.61). The global score of the displayed question differs statistically significantly with the variable scope (p=0.019), course (p=0.008), treatment according to ethnicity (p=0.008), treatment according to socioeconomic level, immigrant status (p<0.001), and prior knowledge about the concept of obstetric violence (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The data show a marked generalised sensitivity of the sample to the issue of obstetric violence, especially with regard to the ethnic characteristics of the women. Likewise, the need to generate ethical-attitudinal training in the response to obstetric violence is observed.

Conduta obstétrica em caso de hipoplasia materna da veia cava inferior / Obstetric management in case of the maternal inferior vena cava hypoplasia

A hipoplasia da veia cava inferior é uma patologia rara que integra o conjunto de anomalias do desenvolvimento da veia cava inferior. A sua incidência situa-se entre 0,3%-0,5% na população saudável e 5% nos adultos jovens sem fatores de risco para trombose venosa profunda, sendo considerada um importante fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de trombose dos membros inferiores. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é reportar a conduta obstétrica de um caso clínico de uma grávida diagnosticada com hipoplasia da veia cava inferior, prévia à gravidez. Trata-se de um caso clínico, de uma grávida, primigesta, com 37 anos, com hipoplasia da veia cava inferior e heterozigotia para o gene MTHFR677 diagnosticadas, na sequência de uma trombose venosa bilateral dos membros inferiores e do segmento infrarrenal da veia cava inferior. A gravidez foi seguida em consulta hospitalar na nossa instituição, tendo a grávida sido medicada com enoxaparina em dose profilática e ácido acetilsalicílico, com um período pré natal que decorreu sem intercorrências. Às 37 semanas e 6 dias de gestação, deu entrada no Serviço de Urgência de Obstetrícia por rotura prematura de membranas. Intraparto foram utilizadas meias de compressão pneumática intermitente, tendo o parto ocorrido às 38 semanas de gestação por via vaginal (parto eutócico), do qual nasceu um recém-nascido do sexo feminino, com 2620g e índice de Apgar 9/10/10. O presente caso clínico demonstra que em situações de hipoplasia da veia cava inferior com um seguimento obstétrico adequado é possível a realização de um parto vaginal, possibilitando um desfecho obstétrico favorável (AU).

Hypoplasia of the inferior vena cava is a rare condition that belongs to the group of developmental anomalies of the inferior vena cava. It has an incidence between 0.3% and 0.5% in the healthy population and 5% in young adults without risk factors for deep venous thrombosis, being considered an important risk factor for the development of lower limb thrombosis. This study aims to report the obstetric conduct of a clinical case of a pregnant woman diagnosed with hypoplasia of the inferior vena cava prior to pregnancy. This is a clinical case of a pregnant woman, primigravid 37 years old, with hypoplasia of the inferior vena cava and heterozygosity for MTHFR677, diagnosed following a bilateral venous thrombosis of the lower limbs and the infrarenal segment of the inferior vena cava. The pregnancy was followed up in our institution. The pregnant woman was medicated with a prophylatic dose of low molecular weight heparin and acetylsalicylic acid with an uneventful prenatal period. At 37 weeks and 6 days of gestation, she was admitted to the Obstetrics Emergency Service due to premature rupture of membranes. Intermittent pneumatic compression sockings were used intrapartum, and at 38 weeks of gestation, a female newborn was vaginally delivered (eutocic delivery) with 2620g and an Apgar score of 9/10/10. The present clinical case demonstrates that in situations of hypoplasia of the inferior vena cava with an adequate obstetric follow-up, it is possible to perform a vaginal delivery, enabling a favourable obstetric outcome (AU).

A cultura da cesariana e as práticas obstétricas em um hospital de ensino / The cesarean culture and obstetric practices in a teaching hospital / La cultura de la cesárea y las prácticas obstetricas en un hospital de enseñanza

Objetivo: Delimitar o perfil de atendimento prestado às parturientes, bem como as práticas obstétricas desenvolvidas no Centro Obstétrico do Hospital da Região Leste no período de janeiro a dezembro do ano de 2019. Métodos: Consiste em uma pesquisa de método quantitativo, transversal, retrospectivo, de caráter observacional e descritivo. Resultados: Observados altos índices de cesarianas no serviço (40%). Baixo índice de uso do partograma nos atendimentos. De acordo com a Classificação de Robson, a maioria das parturientes (88%) se encaixa entre os grupos de um a cinco, e 12% entre os grupos de seis à dez. Conclusão: Taxas de cesariana acima do recomendado pela Organização Mundial de Saúde devido à um conjunto de fatores. O baixo índice de uso do partograma pode indicar insegurança ou desconhecimento do profissional, falta de protocolos, objeções ao seu uso, ou desatualização e falta de credibilidade do instrumento. Estudos nacionais e internacionais têm mostrado um alto índice de mulheres entre os grupos um à cinco sendo encaminhadas para cesariana devido à falta de incentivo às boas práticas e ao uso de métodos não farmacológicos e à falha no uso dos instrumentos recomendados (partograma). (AU)

Objective: Delimit parturient service profile and the OBGYN practices developed in the West Region Hospital between January and December of 2019. Methods: Consists of a quantitative transversal, retrospective, observational and descriptive research. Results: High rates of cesarean sections in the service (40%). Low rate of use of the partograph in care. According to the Robson Classification, most parturients (88%) fit between groups one to five, and 12% between groups six to ten. Conclusion: Cesarean rates higher than recommended by the World Health Organization due to a number of factors. The low rate of use of the partograph may indicate insecurity or lack of knowledge by professionals, lack of protocols, objections to its use, or outdated and lack of credibility of the instrument. National and international studies have shown a high rate of women between groups one to five being referred for cesarean section due to the lack of encouragement to good practices and the use of non-pharmacological methods and the failure to use the recommended instruments (partograph). (AU)

Objetivo: Delimitar el perfil de la atención brindada a las parturientas, así como las prácticas obstétricas desarrolladas en el Centro de Obstetricia del Hospital da Região Leste de enero a diciembre de 2019. Métodos: Consiste en una investigación cuantitativa, transversal, retrospectiva, observacional y descriptiva. Resultados: Se observaron altas tasas de cesáreas en el servicio (40%). Baja tasa de uso del partograma en el cuidado. Según la Clasificación de Robson, la mayoría de las parturientas (88%) encajan entre los grupos del uno al cinco y 12% entre los grupos del seis al diez. Conclusión: Tasas de cesáreas superiores a las recomendadas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud debido a una serie de factores. La baja tasa de uso del partograma puede indicar inseguridad o desconocimiento del profesional, falta de protocolos, objeciones a su uso o desactualización y falta de credibilidad del instrumento. Estudios nacionales e internacionales han demostrado una alta tasa de mujeres entre los grupos uno a cinco que son derivadas para cesárea debido a la falta de estímulo a las buenas prácticas y al uso de métodos no farmacológicos y al no uso de los instrumentos recomendados (partograma). (AU)

La COVID-19 y sus consecuencias en la salud física, psicológica y social de obstetras

Introducción: La pandemia por la COVID-19 ha tenido efectos en la salud de los trabajadores sanitarios, dentro de ellos, los obstetras, pero se desconocen las consecuencias en este grupo ocupacional. Objetivo: Determinar las consecuencias de la COVID-19 en la salud física, psicológica y social de obstetras del Perú. Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal, realizado a 511 obstetras asistenciales, en la primera línea de atención. Se aplicó un cuestionario en línea, previamente validado y confiable para medir las variables: características generales y de exposición a la COVID-19, salud física, salud psicológica y salud social. Los datos fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva. Resultados: 468 (91,6 %) obstetras son mujeres, 287 (56,2 %) de 40-59 años, 213 (41,7 %) casadas, 292 (57,1 %) laborando en el primer nivel de atención; 216 (42,3 %) se infectaron de la COVID-19, 165 (32,3 %) tuvieron cefalea, 127 (24,9 %) dolor de garganta y 121 (23,7 %) fatiga; 167 (77,3 %) requirieron tratamiento ambulatorio y 3 (1,3 %) cuidados intensivos. La obesidad reportada por 102 (20,0 %) obstetras fue la principal comorbilidad, seguida de hipertensión con 38 (7,4 %) y diabetes con 14 (2,7 %); 263 (51,5 %) reportaron síntomas depresivos y 464 (90,8 %) estrés; 238 (46,6 %) sintieron discriminación y 118 (23,1 %) llevaban la carga laboral del hogar en solitario. Conclusiones: La salud física, psicológica y social de los obstetras se afecta por la pandemia; genera trastornos de sobrepeso/ obesidad, depresión, estrés; así como discriminación y sobrecarga laboral en el hogar.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has had effects on the health of health workers, including obstetricians, but the consequences in this occupational group are unknown. Objective: Determine the consequences of COVID-19 on the physical, psychological and social health of obstetricians in Peru. Methods: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study, carried out on 511 attending obstetricians, in the first line of care. An online questionnaire, previously validated and reliable, was applied to measure the variables: general characteristics and exposure to COVID-19, physical health, psychological health, and social health. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: 468 (91.6%) obstetricians are women, 287 (56.2%) aged 40-59 years, 213 (41.7%) married, 292 (57.1%) working at the first level of care; 216 (42.3%) were infected with COVID-19, 165 (32.3%) had headache, 127 (24.9%) sore throat and 121 (23.7%) fatigue; 167 (77.3%) required outpatient treatment and 3 (1.3%) intensive care. Obesity reported by 102 (20.0%) obstetricians was the main comorbidity, followed by hypertension with 38 (7.4%) and diabetes with 14 (2.7%); 263 (51.5%) reported depressive symptoms and 464 (90.8%) stress; 238 (46.6%) felt discrimination and 118 (23.1%) carried the workload of the home alone. Conclusions: The physical, psychological and social health of obstetricians is affected by the pandemic; generates disorders of overweight/obesity, depression, stress; as well as discrimination and work overload at home.

Gestión del cuidado en obstetricia y ginecología: Una mirada integral / Care management in obstetrics and gynecology: A comprehensive look

Describir la gestión del cuidado en obstetricia y ginecología: Una mirada integral. Metodología: La investigación se desarrolló desde el paradigma cuantitativo, además se enmarcó desde un diseño documental-bibliográfico, mediante la indagación, recolección y análisis crítico documental y referencial bibliográfico, basándose en la exploración metódica, rigurosa y profunda de diversas fuentes documentales tales como investigaciones científicas, artículos y trabajos arbitrados, tesis.Describiendo los hallazgos encontrados, permitiendo desarrollar el cuerpo teórico en relación al tema de estudio. Resultados: Se puede observar los múltiples factores que son consideradas por las mujeres que acuden a los centros asistenciales, por ello deben ser orientadas de forma integral. En conclusión: La integración de los cuidados en obstetricia y ginecología, es una acción que contribuirá a un mejor desempeño y desarrollo de la mujer en estado de gestación, tanto de ella como del niño, de forma integral debe ser llevadas a cabo sus cuidados, consultas.

To describe the management of care in obstetrics and gynecology: A comprehensive view. Methodology: The research was developed from the quantitative paradigm, also framed from a documentary-bibliographic design, through inquiry, collection and critical documentary analysis and bibliographic reference, based on the methodical, rigorous and deep exploration of various documentary sources such as scientific research, articles and refereed papers, theses, describing the findings found, allowing the development of the theoretical body in relation to the subject of study. Results: It is possible to observe the multiple factors that are considered by the women who come to the health care centers, for this reason they should be oriented in an integral way. In conclusion: The integration of care in obstetrics and gynecology is an action that will contribute to a better performance and development of the pregnant woman, both for her and the child, and her care and consultations should be carried out in an integral manner

Validación de un instrumento para evaluar el nivel de conocimiento en la aplicación de fórceps obstétrico / Validation of an instrument to assess the level of knowledge about the application of obstetric forceps

Resumen OBJETIVO: Diseñar y validar un instrumento para evaluar el nivel de conocimiento en la aplicación del fórceps Salinas en médicos residentes de Ginecología y Obstetricia. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, tipo validación de un instrumento. El primer constructo se desarrolló con base en el marco teórico; el cuestionario fue objeto de análisis por parte de un grupo de expertos que se basaron en la metodología Delphi. Se obtuvo un constructo de 20 preguntas y se emprendió un estudio para evaluar la pertinencia del instrumento. La confiabilidad se evaluó con el coeficiente de Kuder-Richardson, prueba Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin y de esfericidad de Bartlett. Los datos se procesaron en el programa SPSS versión 21. RESULTADOS: El instrumento se aplicó a 66 médicos residentes con media de edad de 28.5 ± 0.7 años. El coeficiente de Kuder-Richardson fue 0.608. Las pruebas de Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin y Bartlett mostraron que se trató de un instrumento multidimensional. CONCLUSIONES: Se obtuvo un instrumento válido, confiable y multidimensional para determinar el nivel de conocimientos en relación con la aplicación del fórceps Salinas en médicos residentes de Ginecología y Obstetricia.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To design and validate an instrument to assess the level of knowledge of Salinas forceps application in Gynecology and Obstetrics residents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Descriptive, cross-sectional, validation-type study of an instrument. The first construct was developed based on the theoretical framework; the questionnaire was analyzed by a group of experts based on the Delphi methodology. A construct of 20 questions was obtained and a study was undertaken to assess the relevance of the instrument. Reliability was evaluated with the Kuder-Richardson coefficient, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test and Bartlett's sphericity test. The data were processed in SPSS version 21. RESULTS: The instrument was applied to 66 resident physicians with a mean age of 28.5 ± 0.7 years. The Kuder-Richardson coefficient was 0.608. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin and Bartlett tests showed that it was a multidimensional instrument. CONCLUSIONS: A valid, reliable and multidimensional instrument was obtained to determine the level of knowledge in relation to the application of Salinas forceps in Gynecology and Obstetrics residents.

Conhecimento, atitude e prática dos médicos residentes de ginecologia e obstetrícia de Pernambuco sobre anticoncepção / Knowledge, attitude and practice of resident physicians in gynecology and obstetrics in Pernambuco about contraception

Resumo Introdução: Anticoncepção corresponde ao uso de métodos e técnicas com a finalidade de impedir que o relacionamento sexual resulte em gravidez. O médico residente em ginecologia e obstetrícia deve estar intimamente familiarizado com as múltiplas opções contraceptivas existentes, o modo de uso, os efeitos colaterais e suas contraindicações. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivos identificar o nível de conhecimento, atitude e prática dos médicos residentes de ginecologia e obstetrícia do estado de Pernambuco sobre anticoncepção, determinar sua autopercepção em indicar e contraindicar os métodos contraceptivos, avaliar as melhores indicações clínicas, como prescrevê-los e orientar seu uso. Método: Foi realizado um estudo de inquérito, do tipo corte transversal, com componente analítico. Durante o período de maio a julho de 2022, aplicou-se um questionário à população-alvo, composta pelos médicos residentes de ginecologia e obstetrícia do estado de Pernambuco, e obteve-se um tamanho amostral de 157 respostas, que foram analisadas no programa estatístico Stata, versão 12.0. Resultado: Os métodos contraceptivos mais utilizados por eles foram o ACO, o DIU Mirena, a camisinha peniana e o DIU de cobre. Mais de 90% da amostra afirmou conhecer os critérios de elegibilidade e o índice de Pearl, e pouco mais da metade respondeu corretamente aos casos clínicos sobre contracepção; 52,9% relataram que não faziam uso da dupla proteção, e 40,1% da amostra mencionou que nunca usava camisinha. A maioria dos entrevistados atestou possuir uma boa prática com LARC e com esterilização cirúrgica; uma boa parcela dos residentes entrevistados considerou-se apta a orientar todos os métodos anticoncepcionais. Conclusão: O conhecimento das indicações e contraindicações pode ser considerado satisfatório, apesar de chamar a atenção a presença de uma disparidade entre a autopercepção do saber e os acertos das questões a respeito de casos clínicos específicos. Em relação à atitude, as respostas foram controversas. No âmbito da prática, obtiveram-se os melhores resultados de autopercepção de habilidade, com destaque para a prática com os LARC e a esterilização cirúrgica. As autoavaliações demonstraram que mais da metade da amostra considerou seus conhecimentos, suas atitudes e suas práticas muito satisfatórios e/ou adequados.

Abstract Introduction: Contraception corresponds to the use of methods and techniques with the purpose of preventing sexual intercourse from resulting in pregnancy. The resident physician in gynecology and obstetrics must be intimately familiar with the multiple existing contraceptive options, how to use them, their side effects and contraindications. Objectives: To identify the level of knowledge, attitude and practice among Gynecology and Obstetrics residents in the state of Pernambuco regarding contraception, determine their self-perception in indicating and contraindicating contraceptive methods, evaluating the best clinical indications, how to prescribe them and offer guidance for their use. Methods: A cross-sectional survey study with an analytical component. During the period from May to July 2022, a test was applied to the target population, composed by resident physicians of Gynecology and Obstetrics in the state of Pernambuco. A sample size of 157 responses was obtained, which were analyzed in the program STATA statistics, version 12.0. Results: The contraceptive methods most used by the resident physicians were the ACO, Mirena IUD, penile condom and copper IUD. More than 90% of the sample claimed to know the Eligibility Criteria and the Pearl Index, and just over half correctly answered the clinical cases on contraception; 52.9% reported not using double protection and 40.1% of the sample stated that they never used condoms. Most interviewees attested to having a good practice with LARC and with surgical sterilization; a good portion of the interviewed residents considered themselves able to guide all contraceptive methods. Conclusion: The knowledge of indications and contraindications can be considered satisfactory, despite a disparity between self-perceived knowledge and correct answers to questions regarding specific clinical cases; regarding attitude, the answers were controversial; within the scope of practice, the best results of self-perceived ability were obtained, with emphasis on the practice with LARC and surgical sterilization. Self-assessments showed that more than half of the sample considered their knowledge, attitudes and practices very satisfactory and/or adequate.

Influência das fases da lua na ocorrência do parto de cadelas e gatas / Influence of the moon phases on the occurrence of parturition in bitches and cats / Influencia de las fases lunares en la aparición del parto en perras y gatas

A Lua é o satélite natural da Terra e sua participação em diversos aspectos da sociedade tem sido descrito há muitos anos. Nesse quesito, existe uma crença popular que afirma que esse astro possui influência direta sobre o ciclo reprodutivo de diversas espécies. Baseado nisso, estudos averiguaram que as mulheres apresentam maior número de partos durante determinadas fases da Lua. Porém, não há trabalhos com relação a estes aspectos na reprodução de pequenos animais. Assim, o objetivo do estudo foi verificar se as fases da Lua influenciam no parto de cadelas e gatas. Realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo coletando-se os dados de 100 fêmeas que passaram por acompanhamento gestacional no hospital veterinário da instituição. Utilizou-se a data do parto para posterior classificação da fase da Lua correspondente, bem como se o parto ocorreu em uma mudança de fase da Lua. Obteve-se maior incidência de partos durante a Lua crescente (porém sem significância estatística) e na transição entre as fases da Lua. Assim, conclui-se que a influência da Lua sobre os partos de pequenos animais ainda é uma incógnita, devendo-se considerar outros fatores para identificar se essa relação existe.

The Moon is the Earth's natural satellite and its participation in various aspects of society has been described for many years. In this regard, there is a popular belief that this star has a direct influence on the reproductive cycle of various species. Based on this, studies have shown that women give birth more often during certain phases of the Moon. However, there are no studies that analyze this in the reproduction of small animals. Thus, the aim of this study was to verify whether the moon phases influence births in female dogs and cats. A retrospective study was carried out, collecting data from 100 females that underwent gestational monitoring at the veterinary hospital of the institution. The date of parturition was used for further classification of the corresponding Moon phase, as well as whether the parturition occurred during a Moon phase change. We found a higher incidence of births during a crescent Moon (but without statistical significance) and during the transition between Moon phases. Thus, we conclude that the influence of the Moon on births in small animals is still unknown, and other factors should be considered to identify if this relationship exists.

La Luna es el satélite natural de la Tierra y desde hace muchos años se ha descrito su participación en diversos aspectos de la sociedad. Existe la creencia popular de que la Luna influye directamente en el ciclo reproductivo de varias especies. Basándose en ello, algunos estudios han demostrado que las mujeres dan a luz con más frecuencia durante determinadas fases de la Luna. Sin embargo, no existen estudios que analicen este hecho en la reproducción de pequeños animales. Así, el objetivo de este estudio fue comprobar si las fases lunares influyen en el nacimiento de perras y gatitos. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo recogiendo los datos de 100 hembras que se sometieron a seguimiento gestacional en el hospital veterinario de la institución. La fecha del parto se utilizó para clasificar posteriormente la fase lunar correspondiente, así como si el parto se produjo durante un cambio de fase lunar. Se obtuvo una mayor incidencia de partos durante la luna creciente (pero sin significación estadística) y durante la transición entre fases lunares. Por lo tanto, se puede concluir que la influencia de la Luna en los partos en pequeños animales es aún desconocida y que deben considerarse otros factores para identificar si existe esta relación.